Late effects refer to the long-term consequences or side effects of a disease, condition, or treatment that may arise months or even years after the initial diagnosis or treatment has occurred. This research area focuses on understanding and addressing these late effects to improve the quality of life for individuals who have experienced them. Research in this area typically involves examining the factors that contribute to the development of late effects, identifying ways to detect and monitor them, and developing strategies to prevent or manage them effectively. Common examples of late effects include cognitive impairments, chronic pain, organ dysfunction, and secondary cancers.